A review of marine palaeoenvironmental analysis from fossils. Palaeoecological models, non-uniformitarianism and tracking the changing ecology of the past. An introduction to the techniques, limitations and landmarks of carbonate oxygen isotope palaeothermometry. Organic carbon as a palaeoenvironmental indicator in the marine realm. Modern and fossil mangroves and mangals: their climatic and biogeographic variability. Palaeo-oxygenation: effects and recognition. Fossil indicators of nutirent levels. 1: Eutrophication and climate change. Fossil indicators of nutrient levels. 2: Evolution and extinction in relation to oligotrophy. Organisms and the substrate: response and effect. Quattitative approaches to palaeozonation and palaeobathymetry of corals and coralline algae in Cenozoic reefs. Palaeoenvironmental interpretation using bryozoans: a review. Microfossil indicators of ocan water masses, circulation and climate.