Geoscientist Online

New dating is drawing ever closer parallels between Large Igneous Province events and modern climate change, says Howard Lee.

Unusually copious eruptions known as Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) have long been associated with mass extinctions, ocean anoxic events and environmental stress in the geological record. These include the Permian 1 the Triassic, 2 the PETM, 3 the Toarcian, 4 the Cretaceous Ocean Anoxic Events, and the Columbia River Basalt event, 5  among others.

Picture: Earliest flood basalts of the Siberian Traps at Krasni Kamini (“Red Rocks”) near Talnakh, Siberia. The lavas here contain lumps of bitumen and burnt trees. © Linda Elkins-Tanton, DTM, Carnegie Institution

The most lethal of these was the Permian Mass Extinction 251.9 million years ago, otherwise known as “The Great Dying,” which was the closest this planet has come to extinguishing all complex life on Earth. 6 1 For years the cause of the Permian Mass Extinction has been linked to the Siberian Traps eruptions through the mechanisms of volcanic CO₂ and a cocktail of noxious gasses, combined with burning coal deposits 7 and sill-baked methane emissions, 8 all of which enacted a combination of toxic effects, ocean acidification and, most importantly, global warming. It led to a world where equatorial and tropical regions were lethally hot on land and in the oceans! ⁹ The cascading extinctions in ecosystems across the planet unfolded over tens of thousands of years, and it took 10 million years for the planet to recover! 9 1

Until recently, the scale of the Permian Extinction was seen as just too massive, its duration far too long, and dating too imprecise for a sensible comparison to be made with today’s climate change. No longer.

Picture: Large sill in the Siberian Traps © Linda Elkins-Tanton, DTM, Carnegie Institution

In “High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction,” published in PNAS on February 10, 1 authors Seth Burgess, Samuel Bowring, and Shu-zhong Shen employed new dating techniques on Permian-Triassic rocks in China, bringing unprecedented precision to our understanding of the event. They have dramatically shortened the timeframe for the initial carbon emissions that triggered the mass extinction from roughly 150,000 years 10 to between 2,100 and 18,800 years. 1 This new timeframe is crucial because it brings the timescale of the Permian Extinction event’s carbon emissions shorter by two orders of magnitude, into the ballpark of human emission rates for the first time.

How does this relate to today’s global warming?

Picture:  Daldykan instrusion near Noril'sk, Siberia © Linda Elkins-Tanton, DTM, Carnegie Institution

Most readers of Geoscientist will be familiar with the fact that climate and CO₂ have changed hand-in-hand through geological time. Mostly these changes happened slowly enough that the long-term feedbacks of Earth’s climate system (deep oceans, ice sheets, rock weathering, sedimentation) had time to process them. This was true during the orbitally-induced glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene ice ages. In warmer interglacials, more intense northern hemisphere insolation led to ice sheet melting and warmer oceans which were in equilibrium with slightly more CO₂ in the atmosphere by adjusting their carbonate levels. In glacial times with slightly less intense northern insolation, the cooler oceans dissolved more CO₂, and carbonate levels adjusted accordingly. The changes occurred over gentle timescales of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years – plenty slow enough for slow feedbacks to keep pace. 11

Image: How oceans responded to slow changes in insolation and CO2 feedback in the Pleistocene. © H.Lee based Based mainly on Zeebe, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2012, with additional input from A. Ridgwell (personal communication)

Rapid carbon belches, such as in the Permian and today, occur within the timeframe of fast climate feedbacks (surface ocean, water vapor, clouds, dust, biosphere, lapse rate, etc), but faster than the vast deep ocean reservoir and rock weathering can buffer the changes. The carbon overwhelms the surface ocean and biosphere reservoirs so it has nowhere to go but the atmosphere, where it builds up rapidly, creating strong global warming via the greenhouse effect and feedbacks. The surface oceans turn near-acidic as they become increasingly saturated in CO_2. 11 12 The oceans warm, so sea levels rise. Those symptoms should sound eerily familiar.

Picture: Siberian Traps.  © Linda Elkins-Tanton, DTM, Carnegie Institution

Burgess et al’s paper is the latest in a series that have shortened the timeframes of LIP events and which have strengthened the association between LIPs and extinction events. Blackburn et al in their 2013 paper in Science, declared causality between Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) eruptions and the end-Triassic extinctions, suggesting the pulse of carbon emissions occurred “near instantaneously,” and the main extinction event occurred in as little as 3,000 years. 2 This was strengthened by Dal Corso et al’s paper just this year in the J. Geol. Soc. which links the Carbon Isotope Excursion (from the carbon emission slug) to the initial eruptive phase of the CAMP. ¹³ The PETM has been linked to North Atlantic Magmatic Province eruptions and Sill emplacement, with vent chimneys strikingly similar to those identified for the Siberian traps eruptions. 3 8 One recent paper controversially suggested that the PETM carbon slug was emitted in as little as 13 years, citing a possible cometary impact cause, but that is strongly disputed. 14 15

Picture:  Siberian Traps © Henrik Svensen, University of Oslo

In March, an alternative hypothesis for the Permian Mass Extinction was proposed by Rothman et al 16 – a runaway microbe swarm generating massive methane emissions. It is good science to test existing theories by throwing alternatives at them to see if they stick. But the microbe idea seems a poor fit to what we know because it is a one-off explanation, whereas LIPs have a criminal record – they are a serial killer with a consistent “MO”: greenhouse gas release, warming, rising sea levels, ocean acidification and anoxia. Moreover Rothman et al use a time window for the horizontal gene transfer that enabled the runaway methanogenesis that is 82 million years wide. Even if we overlook the often elastic nature of molecular clocks, and that their clock is not calibrated to fossils, that’s a time window extending from the lower Permian to the lowest Jurassic.

For the mutation to have happened exactly coincident with the Siberian Traps eruptions is just too fortuitous to be probable. The authors explain the coincidence by citing nickel fertilization by the Siberian Traps eruptions – but that would place the mutation, even more fortuitously, as having occurred between the Emeishan and Siberian LIPs, or else we should have had the Guadeloupian Mass Extinction. On the other hand, Burgess stated at the 2013 AGU fall meeting that “intrusive and extrusive magmatism began within analytical uncertainty of the onset of mass extinction, permitting a causal connection with age precision at the ~ 0.06 Ma level.” 17 At the point of writing, new published dates on the volcanics are anticipated from the MIT team, which should clarify the issue. Regardless of the initial cause, the Permian remains an extreme example of a CO2/methane greenhouse-gas generated hothouse.

Image: How oceans respond to rapid carbon emissions by LIPs and humans © H.Lee based mainly on Zeebe, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2012, with additional input from A. Ridgwell (personal communication)

The point of all this is that the parallels between LIP-induced climate crises and modern climate change are becoming ever stronger and clearer. By shortening the timeframes, the rates of LIP CO₂ and methane emissions are looking more comparable to today’s emission rates, even if LIP emission volumes look far larger. 10 3 2 1 18 6 19 And it is the fast rate that is crucial for catastrophic climate change because of the ability to overwhelm fast feedbacks, versus the normal benignly-slow adjustments to carbon-cycle and insolation changes. Some have pointed out that since we began our modern climate change in an “icehouse” era with ice sheets to melt and low starting CO₂ levels, we might not reach a Permian-like hothouse. 19

In addition, since the Permian, calcareous algae have changed the way deep oceans process carbonate, providing more of a buffer. 20 But that buffer only comes into play if the deep oceans come into play, which most estimates consider won’t happen for a few more centuries. 11

All in all, the parallels between the many LIP-linked mass extinctions in the geological record and today’s climate change offer no comfort about the legacy we’re leaving for our children and our grandchildren. Rather they stand as signposts for an increasingly scary future.

Image: Formation of Tunguska Basin pipes and the venting of carbon gases and halocarbons to the atmosphere, from sill intrusion into organic-rich sediments. From Svensen et al, EPSL 2009 © Elsevier

Bibliography

* Author

Howard Lee BSc MSc FGS Howard is a freelance writer based in NJ, USA. Website: ylape.com

Howard earned his Geology degree at Chelsea College, University of London and his Masters in Remote Sensing at UCL. He worked on seismic hazard and geothermal energy projects before participating in the Nirex RCF program. He then worked at ARCO British before its takeover by BP. Howard emigrated to the US and worked in corporate software development project management before taking a career break to bring up kids and become a freelance writer. His latest project is “Your Life as Planet Earth” – a book relating the story of the planet for a general audience. Website: ylape.com.